Iran's Foreign Relations Practices During the Minor Despotism Period, Emphasizing the Approach of Soroush Newspaper (1909 AD/1288 AH)

Norouzi, Ali; Meighani, Kazem

doi:10.22034/nriihs.2026.2086178.1079

Iran's Foreign Relations Practices During the Minor Despotism Period, Emphasizing the Approach of Soroush Newspaper (1909 AD/1288 AH)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ali Norouzi ¹

Kazem Meighani ²

¹ Master of Arts in History of the Islamic Revolution, Kharazmi University, TEHRAN, IRAN

² Assistant Professor, Department of History, Kharazmi University, TEHRAN, IRAN

10.22034/nriihs.2026.2086178.1079

Abstract

The logic of Iran's foreign relations in the 19th and 20th centuries was accompanied by the superiority of the interests of Western countries. Countries such as Russia and England sometimes achieved their superiority through war and conflict and sometimes through various agreements. As a result, political and economic dependence in the 19th century became a natural thing for Iran. Deep crises and political divisions led to the activity of parties and the press at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1909/1288, the Soroush newspaper was founded in Istanbul at the initiative of the Iranian Prosperity Association and a group of patriotic and freedom-loving writers, which defined its goal as fighting tyranny, re-establishing the constitutional system, and ultimately establishing a national government. In the path to achieving its goals, the Soroush newspaper also paid attention to one reality; re-establishing the constitutional system and establishing a national government without independence is impossible. For this reason, "The Study of Independence" became one of the most frequent titles of the Soroush newspaper, along with "The Study of Freedom". The main goal of this research is to examine Iran's foreign relations during the period of the Minor Autocracy, with an emphasis on the content of the Soroush newspaper, which deals with this issue using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources.

Keywords

Minor tyranny

Iranian Happiness Association

Soroush Newspaper

Russia

England

Ottoman

Subjects